Now accepting submissions
Culture, Education, and Future
e‑ISSN 2980-2741 Open Access · CC BY 4.0
Vol. 3 · Issue 1 · 2025 Jun 26, 2025 Articles

Examining culturally responsive teaching and assessment in an undergraduate public speaking course

KJ
Kexin Jiang Corresponding Washington State University kexin.jiang@wsu.edu United States
CG
Chad Gotch Washington State University United States
CN
Christina Nickerson Washington State University United States
Pages46-64 PublishedJun 26, 2025 LicenseOpen Access
PDF
Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): CEF Journal
VOL 3 · NO 1 · 2025 CEF Journal View issue

Abstract

Given the diversified background of students in the United States, the demand for cultural responsiveness in education has increased. Previous research has explored how teachers apply culturally responsive teaching and assessment (CRTA) to reach marginalised students in kindergarten -12 th grade classrooms. Higher education has received less attention. This study initiates a promising step for investigating cultural responsiveness through the lens of college students, an area that has not been fully explored in the prior research. Specifically, our research team conducted semi-structured interview with 38 undergraduate students to examine the presence and potential of CRTA in a predominantly white public speaking course. Students spoke positively about how their course instructors created a respectful, welcoming environment and demonstrated care for students’ academic success. However, richer aspects of cultural responsiveness were minimal. Similarly, students’ perceptions of the potential for CRTA in the course were mixed and largely superficial. These findings can contribute to faculty development and course design across many colleges and universities. 

Keywords

References

  1. Awang-Hashim, R., Kaur, A., & Valdez, N. P. (2019). Strategizing inclusivity in teaching diverse learners in higher education. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 16(1), 105–128. https://doi.org/10.32890/mjli2019.16.1.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32890/mjli2019.16.1.5
  2. Ayers, W. (2004). Teaching the personal and the political: Essays on hope and justice. Teachers College Press.
  3. Barnatt, J., Winter, M., Norman, V., Baker, D., & Wieczorek, S. (2014). Using cultural artifacts to understand self and other: A global exchange in elementary classrooms. Ohio Social Studies Review, 51(1), 7–17. https://ossr.scholasticahq.com/article/978-volume-51-number-1
  4. Bartell, T. (2011). Caring, race, culture, and power: A research synthesis toward supporting mathematics teachers in caring with awareness. Journal of Urban Mathematics Education, 4(1), 50–74. https://doi.org/10.21423/jume-v4i1a128 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21423/jume-v4i1a128
  5. Bloomberg, L. D. (2022). Completing your qualitative dissertation: A road map from beginning to end. Sage.
  6. Brown, M., McNamara, G., O’Hara, J., Hood, S., Burns, D., & Kurum, G. (2019). Evaluating the impact of distributed culturally responsive leadership in a disadvantaged rural primary school in Ireland. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 47(3), 457–474. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143217739360 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143217739360
  7. Davis, L. P., & Museus, S. D. (2019). Identifying and disrupting deficit thinking. National Center for Institutional Diversity, 1(1), 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/currents.17387731.0001.110
  8. De Jesus, A. (2003). “Here it’s more like your house”: The proliferation of authentic caring as school reform at EI Puente Academy for Peace and Justice. In B. C. Rubin & E. M. Silva (Eds.), Critical voices in school reform: Students living through change (pp. 133–151). Routledge.
  9. DePouw, C. (2007). [Review of the book Up against whiteness: Race, school, and immigrant youth, by S. Lee]. Urban Education, 42(4), 373–379. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085907303345 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085907303345
  10. Devereaux, T. H., Prater, M. A., Jackson, A., Heath, M. A., & Carter, N. J. (2010). Special education faculty perceptions of participating in a culturally responsive professional development program. Teacher Education and Special Education, 33(4), 263–278. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888406410371642 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0888406410371642
  11. Dickson, G. L., Chun, H., & Fernandez, I. T. (2016). The development and initial validation of the student measure of culturally responsive teaching. Assessment for Effective Intervention, 41(3), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534508415604879 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1534508415604879
  12. Ebersole, M., Kanahele-Mossman, H., & Kawakami, A. (2016). Culturally responsive teaching: Examining teachers’ understandings and perspectives. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(2), 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v4i2.1136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v4i2.1136
  13. Epstein, T., Mayorga, E., & Nelson, J. (2011). Teaching about race in an urban history class: The effects of culturally responsive teaching. Journal of Social Studies Research, 35(1), 2–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/235227982011035001002
  14. Evans-Winters, V. E., & Hines, D. E. (2020). Unmasking white fragility: How whiteness and white student resistance impacts anti-racist education. Whiteness and Education, 5(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/23793406.2019.1675182 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23793406.2019.1675182
  15. Freire, P. (1978). Pedagogy of the oppressed. From pedagogy of the oppressed. In T. M. Norton & B. Ollman (Eds.), Studies in socialist pedagogy (pp. 60–75). Monthly Review Press.
  16. Garrett, S. D., Miller, V., & Gilbert, C. (2021). The challenge of culturally responsive teaching in rural community colleges. New Directions for Community Colleges, 2021(195), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1002/cc.20470 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cc.20470
  17. Gay, G. (2002). Preparing for culturally responsive teaching. Journal of Teacher Education, 53(2), 106–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487102053002003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487102053002003
  18. Gay, G. (2018). Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and practice (3rd ed.). Teachers College Press.
  19. Gillispie, M. (2021). Culturally responsive language and literacy instruction with Native American children. Topics in Language Disorders, 41(2), 185–198. https://doi.org/10.1097/TLD.0000000000000249 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/TLD.0000000000000249
  20. Gudykunst, W. B., & Kim, Y. Y. (1992). Communicating with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  21. Gutiérrez, K. D. (2008). Developing a sociocritical literacy in the third space. Reading Research Quarterly, 43(2), 148–164. https://doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.43.2.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.43.2.3
  22. Herrera, S. G., Holmes, M. A., & Kavimandan, S. K. (2012). Bringing theory to life: Strategies that make culturally responsive pedagogy a reality in diverse secondary classrooms. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v14i3.608 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v14i3.608
  23. Hinton, D., & Seo, B.-I. (2013). Culturally relevant pedagogy and its implications for retaining minority students in predominantly white institutions (PWIS). In D. M. Callejo Perez & J. Ode (Eds.), The stewardship of higher education: Re-imagining the role of education and wellness on community impact (pp. 133–148). Brill. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-368-3_8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-368-3_8
  24. Hutchison, L., & McAlister-Shields, L. (2020). Culturally responsive teaching: Its application in higher education environments. Education Sciences, 10(5), 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10050124 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10050124
  25. Kadir, B. A. (2019). Embracing complexity while deconstructing Eurocentric ideologies within classroom practices: Reflecting on culturally responsive teaching [Master’s thesis, University of New Brunswick]. Open Theses & Dissertations. https://unbscholar.lib.unb.ca/bitstreams/326f9076-2c1d-4761-9640-407c0c44a51b/download
  26. Khalifa, M. (2018). Culturally Responsive School Leadership. Harvard Education Press.
  27. Khalifa, M. A., Gooden, M. A., & Davis, J. E. (2016). Culturally responsive school leadership: A synthesis of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 86(4), 1272–1311. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654316630383 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654316630383
  28. King, J. E. (1991). Dysconscious racism: Ideology, identity, and the miseducation of teachers. Journal of Negro Education, 60(2), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.2307/2295605 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2295605
  29. Kozleski, E. B. (2010). Culturally Responsive Teaching Matters! ERIC. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED520957
  30. Kruse, S. D., Rakha, S., & Calderone, S. (2018). Developing cultural competency in higher education: An agenda for practice. Teaching in Higher Education, 23(6), 733–750. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2017.1414790 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2017.1414790
  31. Kumashiro, K. K. (2000). Toward a theory of anti-oppressive education. Review of Educational Research, 70(1), 25–53. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543070001025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543070001025
  32. Ladson-Billings, G. (1995). Toward a theory of culturally relevant pedagogy. American Educational Research Journal, 32(3), 465–491. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312032003465 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312032003465
  33. Lee, S. J. (2005). Up against whiteness: Race, school, and immigrant youth. Teachers College Press.
  34. Matias, C. E. (2013). Check yo’self before you wreck yo’self and our kids: Counterstories from culturally responsive white teachers? … to culturally responsive white teachers! Interdisciplinary Journal of Teaching and Learning, 3(2), 68–81. ISSN: 2158-592X
  35. McIntosh, P. (1995). White privilege: Unpacking the invisible backpack. In Kesselman, A. V., McNair, L. D., & Schniedewind, N. (Eds.), Women: Images and realities: A multicultural anthology (pp. 264–267). Mayfield Publishing.
  36. National Center for Education Statistics. (2024). College enrollment rates. U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/cpb
  37. Nieto, S. (2008). Nice is not enough: Defining caring for students of color. In Lee, C.-J. (Ed.), Topical exploration in literacy education (2nd ed., pp. 171–175). Linus Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.25291692.11
  38. Paris, D. (2012). Culturally sustaining pedagogy: A needed change in stance, terminology, and practice. Educational Researcher, 41(3), 93–97. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X12441244 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X12441244
  39. Pewewardy, C., & Hammer, P. C. (2003). Culturally responsive teaching for American Indian students. ERIC Digest.
  40. Pirbhai-Illich, F., Pete, S., & Martin, F. (2017). Culturally responsive pedagogy. Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46328-5
  41. Power, M. R., & Galvin, C. (1997). The culture of speeches: Public speaking across cultures. Culture Mandala, 2(2), 5807.
  42. Rahmawati, Y., & Ridwan, A. (2017). Empowering students’ chemistry learning: The integration of ethnochemistry in culturally responsive teaching. Chemistry: Bulgarian Journal of Science Education, 26(6), 813–830. Retrieved from https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=600081
  43. Randall, J. (2021). “Color-neutral” is not a thing: Redefining construct definition and representation through a justice-oriented critical antiracist lens. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 40(4), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/emip.12429 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/emip.12429
  44. Ravitch, S. M., & Carl, N. M. (2021). Qualitative research: Bridging the conceptual, theoretical, and methodological (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
  45. Rhodes, C. M. (2017). A validation study of the culturally responsive teaching survey. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2017.050106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2017.050106
  46. Rieckhoff, B. S., Ockerman, M., Proweller, A., & Wolfinger, J. (2020). Building teacher empathy and culturally responsive practice through professional development and self-reflection. Journal of Vincentian Social Action, 5(2), 48–64. https://scholar.stjohns.edu/jovsa/vol5/iss2/8
  47. Saldaña, J. (2021). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage.
  48. Sanders O’Leary, E., Shapiro, C., Toma, S., Whang Sayson, H., Levis-Fitzgerald, M., Johnson, T., & Sork, V. L. (2020). Creating inclusive classrooms by engaging STEM faculty in culturally responsive teaching workshops. International Journal of STEM Education, 7(32), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-020-00230-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-020-00230-7
  49. Singh, N. (2011). Student-centered learning (SCL) in classrooms: A comprehensive overview. Educational Quest-An International Journal of Education and Applied Social Sciences, 2(2), 275–282.
  50. Siwatu, K. O., Putman, S. M., Starker-Glass, T. V., & Lewis, C. W. (2017). The Culturally Responsive Classroom Management Self-Efficacy Scale: Development and initial validation. Urban Education, 52(7), 862–888. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085915602534 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085915602534
  51. Stowe, R. (2017). Culturally responsive teaching in an Oglala Lakota classroom. The Social Studies, 108(6), 242–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377996.2017.1360241 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00377996.2017.1360241
  52. Taylor, C. S., & Nolen, S. B. (2022). Culturally and socially responsible assessment: Theory, research, and practice. Teachers College Press.
  53. Thomas, E. E., & Warren, C. A. (2015). Making it relevant: How a black male teacher sustained professional relationships through culturally responsive discourse. Race Ethnicity and Education, 20(1), 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2015.1121217 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2015.1121217
  54. Tuncel, G. (2017). Improving the cultural responsiveness of prospective social studies teachers: An action research. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 17(4), 1317–1344. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2017.4.0269 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2017.4.0269
  55. Ukpokodu, O. N. (2011). How do I teach mathematics in a culturally responsive way?: Identifying empowering teaching practices. Multicultural Education, 19(3), 47–56.
  56. Utt, J., & Tochluk, S. (2020). White teacher, know thyself: Improving anti-racist praxis through racial identity development. Urban Education, 55(1), 125–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085916648741 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085916648741
  57. Villegas, A. M., & Lucas, T. (2002). Educating culturally responsive teachers: A coherent approach. State University of New York Press.
  58. Villegas, A. M., & Lucas, T. (2007). The culturally responsive teacher. Educational Leadership, 64(6), 28.
  59. Walker, M. E., Olivera‐Aguilar, M., Lehman, B., Laitusis, C., Guzman‐Orth, D., & Gholson, M. (2023). Culturally responsive assessment: Provisional principles. ETS Research Report Series, 2023(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/ets2.12374 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ets2.12374

License

CCBY 4.0
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

This work is openly licensed — share and adapt freely with attribution to the authors and the journal. View license terms ↗

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
§ 06 — Related

Similar articles in this journal

Related peer-reviewed studies published in this journal.
View all issues